Socrates And Machiavelli s Views On Politics - 1464 Words

Socrates and Machiavelli both lived during times of war and political transition. While both philosophers present a then-radical ideology to reform their state, they differed greatly on how to achieve that end: Socrates practiced idealism, while Machiavelli advocated for realism. Their differences of their beliefs are rooted in a conflicting perception of morality. Socrates believes morality is based on an individual’s attainment of goodness and truth, while Machiavelli concerns himself with a leader’s achievement of glory and honor. Because of their moral differences, Socrates would oppose Machiavelli’s concept of a prince and the political system he sought to sustain him. To start, Machiavelli’s realist morality follows a form of†¦show more content†¦Knowing full well that he could have bargained for a lesser sentence by proposing exile, among other punishments, Socrates refused, believing that it would not allow him to lead a life worth living: â€Å"†¦as I am convinced that I never wronged another, I will assuredly not wrong myself. I will not say of myself that I deserve any evil, or propose any penalty†¦if I say exile what a life should I lead (Apology, p. 72).† So far, both Socrates’ and Machiavelli’s moralities are in conflict. If Socrates supported the concept of a prince, he would have heeded Machiavelli’s advice by proposing an alternative punishment to escape death. He would have done so because Machiavelli envisioned a proactive prince who would take advantage of any opportunity to come out on top. A Machiavellian prince in Socrates’ shoes would have proposed self-censorship and imprisonment as a plea bargain to the court, or would have escaped prison with Crito, all strategies which Socrates vehemently rejected. To Socrates, the end – living – did not justify the means – giving up his idealistic beliefs. Throughout The Prince, Machiavelli advises that a prince should secure power though a combination of fear, deception, cruelty, cunning, and immoral actions, including the execution of political opponents. These negative traits branch out of Machiavelli’s mantra, that â€Å"it is far safer to be feared than loved if you cannot be both (Prince, p. 151).† To combat the immoral perception ofShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Niccolo Machiavelli1735 Words   |  7 PagesEssay 1: Socrates and Machiavelli Although Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli lived in different time periods, the political climate that their philosophies were founded on were very similar. The trial of Socrates began after the Peloponnesian War when the new Spartan Tyranny took over the Athenian government. Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the gods by the Spartan government. In the eyes of the Spartan government Socrates is a gadfly because of his posing of upsettingRead MoreMorality Vs Machiavelli1161 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates, however, asserts the importance of morality and ethics in a ruler, and argues that soul craft is ideal for an effective leader. Socrates contends, â€Å"Wealth does not bring goodness, but goodness brings wealth and every other blessing, both to the individual and the state† (Apology, 30b). Indeed, in opposition to Machiavelli, Socrates asserts that following one’s intuition and making decisions based on â€Å"goodness† will never lead a ruler and his state astray. 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Alnoor Bhimani London School of Economics December 2005 CONTENTS ‘ FOREWORD Anthony Hopwood PREFACE Alnoor Bhimani CONTRIBUTORS 1. New measures in performance management Thomas Ahrens and Christopher S Chapman 2. Contract theory analysis of managerial accounting issues Stanley Baiman 3. Reframing management accounting practice: a diversity of perspectives Jane Baxter and Wai Fong Chua 4. Management accounting and digitization Alnoor Bhimani 5. TheRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Lewis Carroll s Hidden Presence Of Puberty - 1540 Words

Lewis Carroll’s Hidden Presence of Puberty The transformations that Alice experiences throughout Lewis Carroll’s, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, display the metaphorical change the protagonist goes through from the stage of childhood to adulthood and the continued struggle to understand her identity. These changes are experienced after Alice follows a white rabbit down his hole and into an incredible world known as Wonderland. This place, although completely fictitious, represents an alternate world to the main character that is unexplainable to herself and the real world. During her time in this world, she faces many adversities between changing sizes or being on trial that confuse her throughout the story. At the end, Alice learns†¦show more content†¦Then when the reader sees Alice fall into the rabbit hole, we see she is distracted by the shelves along the walls which cause her to get lost in her own thoughts. This is Carroll’s way of changing the setting of the story from the Victorian wo rld to a dreamworld known as Wonderland. It is proven to be a dream when she hits the ground and is unharmed even though she just fell for multiple minutest and is unharmed. Wonderland later becomes the place where Alice learns about the transition to adulthood that she is making. Once Alice lands safely, she continues to chase the White Rabbit around. She needs to fit in a door and sees a drink that says â€Å"Drink Me†. The potion turns her into a smaller version of herself. Later in the story she eats something that makes her much bigger than a normal human being. She is confused throughout these processes and questions everything going on in this alternate world. Sigler addresses the situation by saying, â€Å"She must suddenly confront the frightening prospect of having to make her own way in a world she cannot, despite all her efforts, understand† (Brave New Alice 62). This is showing the internal battle that exists in Alice’s mind in Wonderland. This displays Carroll’s hidden message of puberty impacting the female body and psyche. When a girl transitions from the stage of child into the young adulthood she has many questions about what is happening to her body. Elizabeth supports this concept in her Alice in Puberty article by

Commentary Different Free Essays

The text is a monologue and inspired by two other kinds of texts. Alan Bennett’s â€Å"Talking Heads† and (to a lesser extent) a text I discovered by Carol Ann Duffy called Comprehensive. It is present in the AQA English Language and Literature Anthology for 2003, 2004, 2005. We will write a custom essay sample on Commentary: Different? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of the text is as a means of entertaining an audience of a younger age (possibly in between the ages of 12-18) that are aware of the groups of people concerned (who are usually teenagers themselves) and also of their colloquialisms. This targets mostly those who are affected or annoyed by these types of people within their daily lives. (People in the Birmingham area of this age are more likely to understand the dialect). A person that fits into this category should hopefully find that the text is true to real life, and also quite amusing. The piece begins as one of Alan Bennett’s â€Å"Talking Heads† would. As his works were written with the assumption that they would be visual for a watching audience as well as just for a listening audience, he wrote, what could be referred to as stage directions in italics at the top of each monologue. I have done this also as I think it sets the scene well and perhaps gives away more information about each character. The genre of the piece (monologue) does not really confine me in terms of the subject matter or layout but I feel that its genre is evident from merely viewing the layout and maybe reading the first paragraph. I did not feel it suitable for either person to greet the audience, as they would be talking to a camera and not a person. This also would not aid me in any way when putting across my attitudes. Instead I continued straight into both characters speeches as a means of making the passage run more smoothly. There is not just a single attitude that I am trying to get across in writing this text but they are all linked in that my ‘complaints’ all refer to the groups known to me and many others as â€Å"greebos† and â€Å"Kevs†. I have attempted to explain these two groups of people’s attitudes (as I see it as an outsider looking in) towards their own lives and, more importantly, to each other. I have also made clear use of slang with each person to show the listener how confusing some of the slang that teenager’s use today is and how the language varies between the different groups (i.e. one would rarely hear a ‘greebo’ say the word â€Å"wicked† unless it were as a means of imitating a ‘kev’). I have tried to show how humorous some of the words and phrases used sound, and in some cases, how they make no sense whatsoever, for example, the names of these groups alone are somewhat confusing and do not give us any clue as to what it means to be a member of these groups. Even though I am familiar with these groups, I do not know where their group names or the language they use is derived from. They have both somehow managed to inherit a kind of stereotype description, which everyone can refer to if either the word â€Å"greebo† or â€Å"Kev† is used. Part of the message that I am trying to put across is trying to, explain that most â€Å"Kevs† and â€Å"greebos† do not fit their stereotype description at all. For example, according to Tom, Jack and ‘his kind’ do not like the game of football, â€Å"what kind of a person doesn’t like football!?†, when clearly Jack states that he has â€Å"got a season ticket for City† and he enjoys going to the games. â€Å"Filthy scum get outta Brum'† â€Å"Bopping† around in their â€Å"Rocky P’s† Tom and Jack speak in an informal manner (shown above), as if they are talking to a friend instead of in a more impersonal way. They both presume that the listener understands the slang that they use. I felt that if they didn’t do this, then my attitude towards the language that they use would seem less obvious. Despite their supposed initial feelings of being comfortable talking at a camera, towards the end of both monologues the boys both seem to feel threatened after arriving at the subject of befriending a member of the opposite group. At this point there are a lot of stops and stutterings marked by â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and finally – seemingly as a means of escape – both come to an abrupt end and what looks like a farewell without an explanation of where they have to rush off to and why they have to go wherever they are going so quickly! In reality, the stereotype â€Å"greebo† is exactly as the â€Å"kev† describes and the stereotype â€Å"kev† is exactly how Jack describes, but their minds do not seem to be open enough or able to grasp the concept that not all of the opposing group are like this. If what Tom Foster believes were true then there would not be many â€Å"greebos† alive to get exasperated about because presumably they will have all â€Å"slit their wrists†. Only in extreme cases only are their faces covered in piercings and not all of them despise football (as I have shown using Jack). The â€Å"greebo† that I have used in my monologue does not give us any evidence that he worships Satan either despite what the â€Å"kev† believes and the â€Å"kev† is even in a relationship with a â€Å"greebo† despite this being against his ethics. When talking about Eminem, (a music artist popular with both groups) Jack refers to him as â€Å"one of us†. When he says this the listener would realise what he means by â€Å"us† even though he gives us no clue as to what it means. This shows that he knows that he is part of a group (the â€Å"greebos†) and by saying that he is one of them is a way of making his music only acceptable for them to listen to rather than â€Å"Kevs†, and as he continues he explains that â€Å"Kevs† listen to his music for the wrong reasons almost saying that they should not be permitted to listen to it. â€Å"cos they’ll get thinking that he is one of them† â€Å"These ‘greebo’s’ sicken me†. These quotes show that they talk down on each other as if they were somehow of a lower class and referring to each other as â€Å"them† gives a feeling of hostility even though they are so similar in many ways. The only real difference is in the clothes that they wear and the music that they listen to. Although it may seem that I have exaggerated the amount of times that both Tom and Jack use slang I assure you this is no exaggeration: â€Å"He’s the only safe one†. The word â€Å"safe† is just one of the slang words used by Jack in his monologue. If he were using Standard English then he would have said â€Å"He is the only one that is trustworthy and that I like.† I emphasise the separate groups pronunciation of words as a means of making the monologues appear more like spontaneous speech as (if the piece were to be acted out as it should be) this would be the way I would want the ‘actors’ to speak. I also tried to do this by changing the subject abruptly in various places throughout the monologues. i.e. â€Å". It’s never about the music with them, just baselines and how â€Å"tweaked† the snare drum is, whatever that means. So anyway, we decided that they were takin over too much in Birmingham so†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They accuse and criticise each other for doing the same things while oblivious to the fact that meanwhile members of the opposite group are accusing them of doing the same thing. For example, Jack says â€Å"It’s never about the music with them† while earlier on in Toms monologue he says, â€Å"We go for the music, not to get ‘wasted'† This insinuates of course that it is never about the music for â€Å"greebos† either. If we took both peoples word for it then neither of them listens to music because they want to listen to music. I don’t though and find these accusations preposterous. I believe the way in which each person ends the conversation. The language that they both use is comedic and further helps me to convey how both groups rather weird variation of the English language baffles me. Despite this, ending their monologues in the ways that they do sums up both characters. How to cite Commentary: Different?, Papers

Statistical Inference Business Estimates

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Inference for Business Estimates. Answer: 1. The below table shows the results of an OLS regression of US real GDP growth rates (REALGDP) on changes of oil prices (OIL), interest rate (INTERESTRATE) and inflation rates (INFLATION) (monthly data from 1990 to 2013): Discuss the statistical significance of the parameters, interpret the sign and magnitude of the estimates, and overall fit of the model. Solution: The p-value for the independent variable or predictor oil is given as 0.003 which is less than level of significance or alpha value 0.01, so we reject the null hypothesis that the predictor oil is not significant. This means we conclude that the independent variable or the predictor oil for the given regression model is statistically significant. The p-value for the independent variable or predictor interest rate is given as 0.032 which is greater than the significance level or alpha 0.01, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that the predictor interest rate is not significant at 1% level of significance. For the independent variable or predictor inflation, the p-value is given as 0.145 which is greater than significance level or alpha value 0.01, so at the 1% level of significance we do not reject the null hypothesis that the predictor inflation is not statistically significant. So, overall we conclude that the predictor oil is significant while the predictors interest rate and i nflation are not statistically significant for the given regression model. The constant for the regression equation or the y-intercept is statistically significant as the p-value is given as 0.00 which is less than the significance level 0.01. The signs for the given three predictors are negative; this means there is negative impact of these variables on the real GDP growth rates. The coefficient of determination or the value of the R square plays an important role in determining the explained variation in the dependent variable due to the independent variables in the given model. The value of the adjusted R-square or the coefficient of determination is given as 0.58 which means about 58% of the variation in the response variable real GDP is explained by the predictors oil, interest rates and inflation. Are the results in line with the predictions of the theory and why? Solution: For answering this question regarding with the predictions of the theory, we need to use the decision rule. We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. From the given information for the regression model, it is observed that predictor oil is statistically significant and other two predictors interest rates and inflation are not statistically significant. From the given information it is observed that the predictor oil is statistically significant because for this predictor the p-value is less than the given level of significance. So, we reject the null hypothesis that the predictor oil is not a statistically significant. This means that the predictor oil is significant. For the other two predictors interest rates and inflation, the p-values for both predictors are greater than the given level of significan ce, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that the given predictors are not statistically significant. So, these results are not in line with the predictions of the theory. For the purpose of the unbiased prediction of the response variable real GDP, it is important to have all predictors statistically significant. 3. A company wants to produce three different mobile phones, with low-range, mid-range and high-range specifications, respectively. A survey with 100 respondents has been used to reveal the choices of potential customers. The company wants to review the figures to see if the three mobile phones would be equally popular. The results of the Chi-Square test are given in the following tables: Describe the null hypothesis for the Chi-Square test. Solution: For the given scenario, company wants to check whether the three different mobile phones are equally popular or not. For checking this claim we have to use the chi square test. The null and alternative hypothesis for this chi square test is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: The popularity of low-range, mid-range and high-range specification mobile phones is same. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: The popularity of low-range, mid-range and high-range specification mobile phones is not same. Discuss the results and explain whether there are statistically significant differences in the preference for the three devices. Solution: We know that the decision rule for rejecting or do not rejecting the null hypothesis. We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. The p-value for the chi square test is given as 0.032 which is greater than the level of significance or alpha value 0.01, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that the popularity of low-range, mid-range and high-range specification mobile phones is same. This means at the 1% level of significance there is no any statistically significant differences in the preferences for the three devices. What are the underlying assumptions of the Chi-Square test? Explain if, in your opinion, those are met in the above examples. Solution: The assumptions for the chi square test are given as below: One variable should be categorical variable. The observations should be independent. The group of categorical variables should be mutually exclusive. There must be at least 5 expected frequencies. For the given chi square test, it is observed that the variable specification of mobile phone is a categorical variable. Also all observations are independent and there are 0 cells have expected frequencies less than 5. So, all assumptions are followed by this test. References: Casella, G, and Berger, R, L, 2002, Statistical Inference, Duxbury Press. Cox, D, R, and Hinkley, D, V, 2000, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman and Hall Ltd. Liese, F, and Miescke, K, 2008, Statistical Decision Theory: Estimation, Testing, and Selection, Springer.